Grammar

Free grammar cards for building correct English sentences — verb tenses, articles, pronouns, modal verbs and more, each with a clear formula and examples.

Present tense9 cards
Past tense6 cards
Future tense3 cards
Articles2 cards
- A / An
- The
Nouns3 cards
Pronouns5 cards
Verbs2 cards
- Irregular verbs
- Imperatives
Verb patterns3 cards
Modal verbs6 cards
Adverbs3 cards
Quantity5 cards
Questions2 cards
- Question words
- Question tags
Conditionals2 cards
- Zero Conditional
- First Conditional
Prepositions4 cards
Adjective comparisons1 card
- Comparison of adjectives
Linking words1 card
- Linking words
Phrasal verbs1 card
- Phrasal verbs: basics
Confusable verbs1 card
- Say / Tell & Do / Make
Idioms2 cards
- Everyday idioms
- Feelings & opinions idioms

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AllGrammarVocabulary

Am / Is / Are

I + am
he/she/it + is
you/we/they + are
isn't / aren't
Am/Is/Are + subject?
State, identity, description (not an action)

There is / There are

there is + singular / uncountable
there are + plural
there isn't / aren't
Is/Are there ...?
something exists somewhere

Present Simple

I/you/we/they + V1
he/she/it + verb + -s/-es
don't / doesn't + V1
Do/Does + subject + V1?

Do / Does

I/you/we/they → do
he/she/it → does
with do/does → verb without -s
not used in normal positives

Have / Has

I/you/we/they + have
he/she/it + has
don't / doesn't + have
Do/Does + subject + have?

Present Continuous

Subject + am/is/are + V-ing
Subject + am/is/are + not + V-ing
Am/Is/Are + subject + V-ing?

Present Simple vs Continuous

habit / fact → Present Simple
happening now → Present Continuous
always, usually vs now, at the moment

Present Perfect

I/you/we/they + have + V3
he/she/it + has + V3
regular verbs: V3 = verb-ed
Have/Has + subject + V3?

Already / Just / Yet

have/has + just + V3
have/has + already + V3
haven't/hasn't + V3 ... yet
yet → negatives and questions only

Was / Were

I/he/she/it + was
you/we/they + were
wasn't / weren't
Was/Were + subject?

Past Simple

subject + V2 / verb-ed
subject + didn't + V1
Did + subject + V1?
with did/didn't → verb is base form (V1)

Did

did is the same for all subjects
Subject + didn't + V1
Did + subject + V1?
with did/didn't → verb is V1 (no -ed, not V2)
not used in normal positives

Had

subject + had
subject + didn't have
Did + subject + have?
in questions/negatives: did + have, not had

Past Continuous

I/he/she/it + was + V-ing
you/we/they + were + V-ing
wasn't / weren't + V-ing
Was/Were + subject + V-ing?

Past Simple vs Present Perfect

finished time → Past Simple
result / experience now → Present Perfect
yesterday vs just, already, ever

Future Simple

subject + will + V1
subject + won't / will not + V1
Will + subject + V1?
promise / prediction / decision now

Be going to

Subject + am/is/are + going to + V1
Subject + am/is/are + not + going to + V1
Am/Is/Are + subject + going to + V1?

Will vs Be going to

decision now → will
plan / intention → be going to
visible evidence → be going to

A / An

first mention or any one item
a → before a consonant sound
an → before a vowel sound

The

specific, already known
unique in its context
superlatives: the best
names of water, ranges, plural countries

Plural nouns

+ -s / -es
consonant + -y → -ies
irregular: man → men

Countable & Uncountable

countable: a book, two books
uncountable: water, money - no plural
quantity words depend on this

Possessive 's

singular + 's
plural in -s + '
irregular plural + 's

Subject pronouns

I / you / he / she / it / we / they
do the action (subject)
stand before the verb

Object pronouns

me / you / him / her / it / us / them
receive the action (object)
stand after a verb or preposition

Possessive adjectives

my / your / his / her / its / our / their + noun
always before a noun
show possession

Possessive pronouns

mine / yours / his / hers / ours / theirs
independent - without a noun
replace "possessive + noun"

This / That / These / Those

this / these → near
that / those → far
singular / plural

Irregular verbs

V1 — base form, V2 — past simple, V3 — past participle
go - went - gone
no -ed - learn the three forms together

Imperatives

V1 to command: Sit down.
Don't + V1 to forbid
Let's + V1 to suggest

Like / Love / Hate + -ing

like/love/enjoy/hate + V-ing
I like swimming.
don't like + V-ing

Would like

I'd like + noun / to V1
polite want
Would you like...? = offer

Verb + to-infinitive

want / need / hope / decide + to V1
I want to go.
planning-type verbs

Can / Can't

subject + can + V1
subject + can't / cannot + V1
Can + subject + V1?
ability / permission / request

Could

past of can: I could swim at five
couldn't = was not able
Could you...? = polite request

May / Might

maybe: It may/might rain
might = a bit less sure
May I...? = formal permission

Should / Shouldn't

subject + should + V1
subject + shouldn't + V1
Should + subject + V1?
advice / recommendation

Have to

I/you/we/they + have to + V1
he/she/it + has to + V1
don't / doesn't have to + V1
Do/Does + subject + have to + V1?
don't have to does not mean mustn't

Must / Mustn't

subject + must + V1
subject + mustn't + V1 = FORBIDDEN
Must + subject + V1?
present form only

Adverbs of frequency

always → never scale
before the main verb
after to be

Adverbs of manner

adjective + -ly = how
slow → slowly
irregular: well, fast, hard

Too / Enough

too + adjective = more than needed
adjective + enough
enough + noun

Some / Any

some → positives and offers
any → questions and negatives
not with singular countable nouns

A few / A little

a few → countable plural nouns
a little → uncountable nouns
Positive nuance: there is at least some

A lot of / Lots of

A large amount - works with everything
Countable and uncountable nouns
The form stays the same

None / Not any

none → short answer
not any → inside a sentence with a verb
With plurals and uncountable nouns

How much / How many

how many → countable plural nouns
how much → uncountable nouns
Only questions

Question words

what / where / when / who / how
at the beginning of a question
then the normal question word order

Question tags

positive → negative tag: ..., isn't it?
negative → positive tag: ..., do you?
repeat the auxiliary

Zero Conditional

If + Present, Present
facts and rules
if means almost the same as when

First Conditional

If + Present, will + V1
real future possibility
no will after if

In / On / At (Time)

in → large periods
on → days / dates
at → exact point

In / On / At (Place)

in → inside a space
on → on a surface
at → at a specific point

Place Relations

where one object is relative to another
near / next to / between
under / behind / in front of

Prepositions of Movement

to → destination
into / out of
across / through / along

Comparison of adjectives

short: -er / the -est
long: more / the most
good → better → the best
comparative + than